Which operations are considered defensive control measures during a hazardous materials incident?

Defensive control measures during a hazardous materials incident are actions taken to contain or manage a hazardous situation without directly confronting the source of the hazard. Dikes and damming are classic examples of such measures. They involve the construction of barriers to contain spills, prevent further spread of hazardous materials, and minimize contamination of the surrounding environment.

Using dikes and damming helps to effectively manage the extent of the incident, allowing for a safer environment for responders and the public. This method focuses on isolating the hazard rather than attempting to eliminate it immediately, which is characteristic of defensive tactics.

The other choices represent either more aggressive responses or strategies that may not be classified strictly as defensive. Evacuation orders, while crucial for safety, are primarily concerned with protecting people rather than managing the situation at the source. Direct water application involves actively combating the hazard, which is more aligned with offensive actions. Personal protective equipment deployment is essential for ensuring the safety of responders but does not directly control or contain the hazardous material itself. Overall, choosing dikes and damming illustrates a measured and strategic approach to hazardous material incidents.